Since 2008, Europe and Canada have celebrated Rare Disease Day at the end of February-on 29 February in leap years and on 28 February in all other years. EURORDIS proclaimed the day, an alliance of patient organizations, to raise awareness of the special challenges in treating and researching rare diseases. Research on these rare and rarest diseases is also conducted at Med Uni Graz, where those affected receive clinical care and a diagnosis. The Diagnostic and Research Institute of Human Genetics assumes an important role in this process.
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Anything but everyday life
Inflammation, fracture, wear and tear or even cancer: Most diseases and injuries with which most people will be confronted over the course of their lives are well studied and treatable. Yet some diseases affect so few people that they remain undiagnosed for a long time and have only a few known treatments. Some maladies affect only a handful of people worldwide. A disease that affects fewer than 5 in 10,000 people is considered a rare disease. Correct diagnosis and treatment of these diseases are a great challenge-above all in poorer regions of the world. Due to their rarity, there are usually no large studies, nor do medical professionals have much experience with their treatment: The treating physicians face great challenges.
Diagnostics and research at the limit
There are rare diseases in all medical fields. Rare diseases may be the reason for organ abnormalities and developmental disorders in children, familial eye disease, heart disease, nervous or skeletal systems or cancers, and prenatal ultrasound abnormalities during pregnancy. Many rare diseases-around 70%-have a genetic cause, which is why the Diagnostic and Research Institute of Human Genetics plays a particularly important role in diagnosis. "There are several reasons why diagnosing rare genetic diseases can be very important for the families affected. The first step is always to understand what exactly the disease is. Then the progression of the disease can be estimated as well as the risks that exist and whether special health screening is necessary. Targeted therapies are already available for a smaller number of rare diseases. The families affected are also concerned about a potential risk for other family members. In the case of severe developmental disorders and organ abnormalities above, the parents of a child with a rare disease would like to know whether their other children are also at risk. One of our most important responsibilities as medical geneticists is to make a diagnosis using a variety of examination methods followed by the family consultation, where we provide information and indicate treatment options," explains Sarah Verheyen, a specialist at the Diagnostic and Research Institute of Human Genetics. Research on rare diseases is also being pursued at Med Uni Graz. A new publication resulting from a collaboration with Indian and German researchers discusses a rare form of mucopolysaccharidosis (MSP).
Mucopolysaccharidosis explained
Mucopolysaccharidoses are diseases in which the breakdown and storage of sugar molecules are disrupted. "We have now discovered that alterations in the ARSK gene, which previously had not be assigned to any disease, lead to a new subtype of mucopolysaccharidosis, which we have called MPS X. MPS X is a storage disease in which certain building blocks in the body, the glycosaminoglycans, cannot be broken down fully. As a result, they are stored in the cells of different tissues and lead to health problems in several organ systems," says Sarah Verheyen about the rare disease.
Search for patients worldwide
Genetic analysis at Med Uni Graz determined that one possible cause for a skeletal system disease affecting two siblings was a gene with the name ARSK. This gene had previously not been assigned to any human disease. A second family with two children with genetic alterations in the same gene was found in India using a global database. The research is based on the exact clinical characterization of this new rare disease and functional studies that confirm the effect of changes in the ARSK gene. Its findings should help to better identify the disease in the future. Another project on MPS aims to determine the consequences of frequently occurring inflammatory reactions in children's bodies.
Inflammation in MPS: Special blood vessel cells should clarify the cause
Inflammatory processes that may favor cardiovascular disease often occur in MPS patients. A new project at the Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, supported by the Austria MPS Society, is concerned with the causes of this inflammation and its effects on the blood vessel cells of those affected. For project leader Silvija Tokic, the primary focus is on endothelial cells, largely ignored in prior research on MPS. Endothelial cells are essential to the correct functioning of blood vessels. They form an important barrier between the blood vessel and the adjacent tissue. "Inflammatory processes can greatly affect the endothelial cells and thus disrupt the barrier function, which in turn may lead to a permanently pathological dysfunction of the layer of cells," explains the researcher, describing the problem. Together with her team, she would like to obtain patient-specific blood vessel cells from the blood, characterize the inflammation status of those affected and analyze the reason for the changed barrier function.
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